1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Urban areas are the economic heart and home of the majority of the world’s population. Gross domestic product is typically concentrated in and reliant on the productivity of a country’s urban centers, with the transformative transition from a low- to a middle-income country dependent on the success of urbanization. Urban areas require significant energy, water, and other resources to function effectively, while simultaneously having a substantial impact on both environmental and human health (Burdett, et al. 2011).
While remaining mostly rural (42 percent of the total population lives in urban areas), Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the world's fastest urbanizing regions, with urban population growth rates averaging 4.1 percent per year, as compared to the global average of 2 percent. The number of urban dwellers in Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to double by 2050. Figure 1 shows the urban population growth rate for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, as compared to the regional average. Cities like Lagos and Kinshasa already constitute urban agglomerations of over 10 million residents, while Dar-es-Salaam, Johannesburg, and Luanda are projected to reach that size by 2030 (UN 2019). These high rates of urban population growth are driven by migration from rural areas, endogenous growth, as well as the expansion of urban boundaries which translates into larger contiguous areas of urban settlement. Consequently, the land area used for urban activities is projected to increase by nearly 600 percent by 2030 (Güneralp et al. 2017).
Publications
The dynamics of global risks: Socio-political risks in strategic management and policy decisions
Cesar Marolla
Cathryn F. Lavery Kurt J. Engemann, Volume IV Socio-Political Risk Management: Assessing and Managing Global Insecurity, vol. 4, De Gruyter, Genthiner Straße 13 10785 Berlin , Germany, 2023 Apr 27
The Routledge Companion to Risk, Crisis and Security in Business: Megacities at Risk
Cesar Marolla
Kurt J. Engemann, 1st Edition, Routledge, London, 2018, p. 500
The Routledge Companion to Risk, Crisis and Security in Business: Leading through Uncertainty
Cesar Marolla
Kurt J. Engemann, 1st Edition, Routledge, London, 2018, p. 500
Intelligent Transport Systems for Sustainable Development
Cesar Marolla
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, 2018
Cesar Marolla
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, 2018
Cesar Marolla
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, 2018
Cesar Marolla
The Routledge Companion to Risk, Crisis and Security in Business, 2018
Cesar Marolla
The Routledge Companion to Risk, Crisis and Security in Business, 2018
Cesar Marolla
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, 2018
The Information and Communication Technology Revolution
Cesar Marolla
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, 2018
Information and Communication Technology and Sustainability
Cesar Marolla
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, 2018
ICT Role and Roadmap for Smart Sustainable Cities
Cesar Marolla
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, 2018
Cesar Marolla
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, 2018
Cesar Marolla
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, 2018
Cesar Marolla
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, 2018
Information and Communication Technology and Sustainable Development: An Imperative for Change
Cesar Marolla
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, 2018
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development
Cesar Marolla
1st Edition, Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway Northwest, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487 United States, 2018 Sep 29
Building Resilience and Sustainable Development in the Face of Disasters and Climate Change
Cesar Marolla
2016, p. 14
3. The Urban Poor and the Response of Megacities to Dealing with Climate Change Health Risks
Cesar Marolla, A. Sommer
2016
8. Building Resilience and Sustainable Development in the Face of Disasters and Climate Change
Cesar Marolla, A. Sommer
2016
7. Turning Theory into Reality: The Benefits of a Risk Management Approach
Cesar Marolla, A. Sommer
2016
13. National Security and Public Health Implications of Climate Change
Cesar Marolla, A. Sommer
2016
Climate Health Risks in Megacities: Sustainable Management and Strategic Planning
Cesar Marolla
vol. 1, Taylor and Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Pkwy NW #300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, 2016 Dec
Climate Change Impacts on Health: The Urban Poor in the World’s Megacities
Cesar Marolla
Thesis advisors: Richard Goode, Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard, Harvard University, Harvard University , 86 Brattle Street Cambridge, MA 02138, 2012 Jun 20